On a crisp, clear morning, a chestnut thoroughbred thundered down a dirt track at Churchill Downs, his exercise rider leaning forward above the saddle. Other horse-and-rider pairs followed. Dr. Will Farmer looked down from a viewing point, admiring the speed and agility of the 1,000-pound animals. The whole world will get the chance to see horses in action here Saturday, when the Kentucky Derby shines a global spotlight on equine athleticism. It’s the subject of a growing body of research that cites a constellation of characteristics: big hearts, immense lung capacity, robust musculoskeletal systems and long, thin legs – all of which helped horses survive in the wild. “It goes back to the roots: They are an animal of prey,” said Farmer, a veterinarian who serves as equine medical director for Churchill Downs Inc. “That’s how they got away from being eaten.” Horses honed skills such as running, jumping and pulling as humans bred and trained them for various purposes over millennia. And the 151st Derby — horseracing's most-watched event — will draw attention not only to the animals' skills, but also to concerns about their treatment and health. Advocates have long raised concerns about deaths and injuries — calls that were amplified two years ago, when 12 horses died at Churchill Downs. There's no doubt that war, agriculture and societies have been transformed by the human-horse relationship. What makes horses so powerful? A horse’s heart and lungs are the source of its extraordinary power. The heart averages 10 to 12 pounds (4.5-5.4 kg), or about 1% of the animal’s body weight, compared with half a percent for the typical human heart. Secretariat, the storied horse that won the Triple Crown in 1973, was found after his death to have a heart weighing more than 20 pounds (9.1 kg). Horse hearts are built for exertion. The average horse can go from a resting heart rate of about 34 beats per minute to 220 or 240 while racing – faster than a human heart during maximum exertion. They also have a lung capacity of 60 liters – 10 times that of humans. “That massive lung field allows for oxygen to transfer from the air into their blood, which is vitally important for sustaining aerobic energy,” Farmer said. Recent research in the journal Science found that a genetic mutation enables horses to avoid negative side effects of super high energy production. “Horses are great athletes because they can deliver a lot of oxygen to their muscles – way more than an elite human can—and by elite human I mean Olympic athlete,” said Gianni Castiglione, the study's co-author. “They have a bigger tank of gas and they have a more efficient engine … and this mutation is contributing to both of those things.” What is behind horses' speed and other skills? Other aspects of a horse's biology enhance its abilities. Horses store extra red blood cells in their spleens. These cells are released to carry even more oxygen around the body during intense exertion. Meanwhile, horses' brains allow them to process sensory information and react quickly. That’s despite having frontal lobes, parts of the brain used for thought and planning that are proportionally smaller than those in humans. Bone structure and musculature also help. The ligaments and tendons in their hind legs act like springs, Farmer said, helping propel them forward. Like other large prey animals, he added, they have “long, thin legs that are meant to run.” What makes a champion? The quest for a racing champion can sometimes end in tragedy. In 2023, 12 horses died at Churchill Downs in the days surrounding the Kentucky Derby, highlighting the potential dangers of horse racing. That was a particularly bad year, and steps are being taken to reduce horse injuries and fatalities, the Horse Racing Integrity and Safety Authority said in its annual report. The rate of deaths at authority-accredited tracks, which include Churchill, was 27% lower in 2024 than the previous year. (In 2023, for every 815 horses that began races, one died.) The authority cited safety programs that require, among other things, expanded veterinary protocols, pre-race inspections and uniform medication oversight. Experts say a healthy, safe environment brings out the best in a horse — but they still don't know what makes certain horses standouts at the race track. But breeding is only part of the equation, experts said; nurture, training and the horse-rider relationship also factor in. Each time a horse emerges seemingly out of nowhere to win the Kentucky Derby, Farmer is reminded of this. “You don’t have to be this star-studded, bred horse that cost a million dollars at sale to come and win and be a great runner,” he said, raising his voice slightly above the din of galloping hooves. “There are a lot of great horses.”